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Metals, Alkali, Very Active mixed with
Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Hazard Predictions

• Explosive: Reaction products may be explosive or sensitive to shock or friction
• Flammable: Reaction products may be flammable
• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Intense or explosive reaction: Reaction may be particularly intense, violent, or explosive
• Toxic: Reaction products may be toxic

Alkali metals are strong reducing agents, so their interactions with oxidizing agents will generally be vigorous and therefore hazardous. Specific examples follow:

Lithium, sodium, and potassium react with moist air at room temperature to form various oxides. Lithium forms lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and flammable hydrogen gas, sodium predominantly forms sodium monoxide (Na2O), and potassium forms the potentially explosive potassium superoxide (KO2). However, they do not react substantially at room temperature with rigorously dry oxygen (Dickinson, F. 1961. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 2, p. 440. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; Kamienski, C. W., McDonald, D. P., Stark, M. W. and Papcun, J. R. 2004. Lithium and Lithium Compounds. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (Online); Pascal, P. 1966. Nouveau Trait茅 de Chimie Min茅rale. Vol. 2, Part 2, p. 30. Masson et Cie.).

Potassium ignites in F2 and Cl2, explodes in contact with Br2, and incandesces on contact with I2 (Mellor, J. W. 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Volume 2, pp. 114, 469. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; Dickinson, F. 1963. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 3, p. 1563. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Potassium explodes on contact with Cl2O (Mellor, J. W. 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Volume 2, pp. 241-242; Volume 5, p. 824. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.), ClF3 (Urben, P.G. 1995. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1237), or ICl3 (Pascal, P. 1960. Nouveau Trait茅 de Chimie Min茅rale. Vol. 16, p. 578. Masson et Cie.).

Warm potassium reacts explosively with lead oxide (Dickinson, F. 1963. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 3, p. 1571. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Potassium ignites in N2O5 or N2O4 at ambient temperatures ((Mellor, J.W. 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, pp. 436, 544, 554, 945. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.) and liquid potassium ignites in SO2 (Pascal, P. 1963. Nouveau Trait茅 de Chimie Min茅rale. Vol. 2, Part 2, p. 31. Masson et Cie.).

Liquid potassium reacts incandescently or explosively with mercury oxides (Mellor, J.W. 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 770, 779. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Lithium ignites spontaneously with ClF3 (Urben, P.G. 1995. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1237).

Lithium reacts violently with BrF5, and they may ignite on contact (Mellor, J.W. 1956. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 1, p. 172. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Sodium ignites on contact with fluorine (Klemm, A., G. Hartmann, and L. Lange. Sodium and Sodium Alloys. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (Online)) and ignites in N2O5 (Mellor, J.W. 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, pp. 554, 945. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Sodium reacts vigorously or ignites on contact with lead oxide at ambient temperatures (Mellor, J.W. 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 7, pp. 401, 658. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.) and reacts incandescently with other oxides such as CrO3, Mo2O3 (Mellor, J.W. 1943. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 11, pp. 237, 542. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.), and Hg2O (Mellor, J.W. 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 770. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Sodium forms shock-sensitive explosive mixtures with iodate salts (Cueilleron, J. 1945. Bull. Soc. Chim. (France) 12:88-89).

Sodium forms explosive salts with sodium nitrate (Dickinson, F. 1961. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 2 pp. 518. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.) and ammonium nitrate (Mellor, J.W. 1964. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, Supplement 1, pp. 543-546. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Na-K alloy forms shock-sensitive explosives with AgO or Hg2O (Staudinger, H. 1925. Z. Elektrochem. 31:551).

Lithium and bromine form impact-sensitive explosive mixtures (Staudinger, H. 1925. Z. Elektrochem. 31:549).

Sodium and potassium incandesce with nitryl fluoride at ambient temperatures (Anysley, E.E. et al. 1954. Journal of the Chemical Society p. 1122) and also react incandescently with CrO3 (Mellor, J.W. 1943. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 11, pp. 233. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Potassium reacts incandescently with SnO2 (Mellor, J.W. 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Volume 7. pp. 401. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.), NO, or P4O10 if warmed (Mellor, J.W. 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Volume 8. pp. 436, 544, 554, 945. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Bismuth trioxide is incandescently reduced by potassium (Mellor, J.W. 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Volume 9. pp. 649. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Potassium reacts violently with oxidants, including sodium iodate, silver iodate, and lead sulfate (Dickinson, F. 1963. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Volume 2, Supplement 3. pp. 1571. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Lithium reacts exothermically with halogens; the reactions also emit light (Kamienski, C.W. 2005. Lithium and Lithium Compounds. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Online)).

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Hydrogen (H2)